Science
At JCHS, our inquiry-based Science program is designed to foster the spirit of curiosity and encourage the ongoing pursuit of scientific knowledge.
Our three-year, core lab-science program is structured around inquiry and experimentation and grounds students in all three primary lab science disciplines (Physics, Chemistry, and Biology). The goal of the course work is to develop a conceptual framework that students can use to investigate a variety of disciplines. The courses are integrated in that concepts and skills introduced in 9th grade Conceptual Physics are reinforced in 10th grade Chemistry and applied to living systems in 11th grade Biology.
The emphasis of the core lab-science program is on discovery and the practice of science rather than memorization of scientific facts. Students are guided through the process of creating and refining mental models to explain and predict natural phenomena. They learn to ask scientific questions, make claims to answer those questions, and provide evidence to support their claims. and become more independent over the three-year sequence.
The advanced electives present an opportunity for students to apply their fundamental knowledge of science to a particular area of interest. The ultimate goal is for students to possess sufficient knowledge and confidence to explore the ramifications of modern science in their lives.
Science Requirements: Students must complete three years of core science courses. Ninth graders take Conceptual Physics, tenth graders take Chemistry, and eleventh graders take Biology.
CORE COURSES
The Conceptual Physics course aims to have students discover physical laws themselves, and be able apply what they’ve learned to situations they encounter inside and outside of class. This course covers topics related to sound, light, motion, Newton’s laws, collisions, and electricity and magnetism. Lab work is the primary mode of instruction. Students make observations in lab, and use them to develop their own mental models of physical laws to describe how the world works. In addition to traditional problems, students are expected to write about physical concepts and apply what they have learned to real world situations. Laboratory skills themselves are a focus, including improving experiments and analyzing different types of data. Projects are also used to emphasize real world applications, including a musical instrument project where students use household objects and principles of both physical laws of sound and music theory to create playable instruments from coconut guitars to PVC pipe pan flutes.
Prerequisite(s): Conceptual Physics
Chemistry aims to develop students’ understanding of the particulate nature of matter, and of the changes in matter and energy that occur during physical and chemical reactions. We will build on many of the skills including using models, solving problems and investigating phenomena developed in Conceptual Physics. Topics that will be covered in this course include matter, atomic structure, the Periodic Table, chemical bonding and classification of solids, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, gasses, thermochemistry, phase changes, solutions, rates of chemical reactions, acids and bases, oxidation and reduction, and introductory organic chemistry. A strong emphasis will be placed on helping students to build investigation skills while completing 20+ experiments over the year.
Students interested in preparing for AP Chemistry will also study additional topics like molecular geometry of molecules with expanded octets, percent composition, and weak acid/base models.
Prerequisite(s): Chemistry
Biology is a college preparatory lab course. It aims to develop students’ understanding of the fundamental characteristics of life at both the cellular and organismal levels. This course will build on students’ understanding of physics and chemistry as we explore the science of living things. Through an exploration of biochemistry, cells, and genetics, students learn how molecules and energy combine to form and direct all life, and apply these lessons to the study of the human reproductive system. As the class studies evolution, students learn how the logical consequences of differential survival and inherited traits produce the vast diversity of species. We conclude the year with the study of ecology, investigating the complexities of species’ interactions in Serengeti National Park.
This course focuses heavily on building advanced science skills. Students will design investigations, build explanations based on evidence and create models to explain and predict phenomena. In a cross-curricular project with the humanities department, students dive into the science and ethics of gene editing technologies to synthesize an argument that addresses questions like, “When, if ever, would it be ethical to edit the human genome?”
ELECTIVE COURSES
Prerequisite(s): Algebra II, Chemistry, and a B+ in Biology
Biology is the study of living organisms and systems. How does evolution drive the unity and diversity of life? How do biological systems use energy and molecular building blocks to grow, reproduce, and maintain dynamic homeostasis? How do living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes? How do biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions exhibit complex properties? AP Biology is equivalent to a college-level introductory biology class in which students develop the scientific skills and practices necessary to interpret biological data and evaluate evidence. Topics include evolution, cellular processes, energy and communication, genetics, information transfer, ecology, and interactions. Inquiry-based learning and laboratory work are central to this course. Students perform and report on laboratory investigations of enzyme activity, osmosis and diffusion, cell division, bacterial transformation, and transpiration in plants, among other topics. Students also complete a summer assignment to read, analyze, and review a popular biology book of their choice. Please note that AP Biology is a quantitative course. Although neither Statistics nor Pre-Calculus are co-requisite, students not concurrently enrolled in one of these or a higher-level math class should anticipate some additional math work outside of class time.
Please Note: AP courses may require additional meeting times throughout the year.
Prerequisite(s): Precalculus (or concurrent enrollment in Precalculus) and a B+ in Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of the relationship between submicroscopic atomic/molecular structure and the macroscopic (observable) properties of matter. How do quantities at the atomic and macroscopic scale relate to one another within across scales? How do properties observable at the macroscopic level emerge from atomic and molecular structures? How do these quantities and properties change and rearrange during chemical reactions? How do energy distributions change during chemical reactions, and even drive the reaction itself? AP Chemistry is equivalent to a college-level general chemistry class in which students develop the scientific skills and practices necessary to analyze chemical data and evaluate evidence. Topics include atomic structure, intermolecular forces and bonding, chemical reactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium. Inquiry-based learning and laboratory work are central to this course. Students perform and report on laboratory investigations of chromatography, gravimetric analysis, spectroscopy, rate laws, equilibrium systems, and titrations, among other topics. Students also complete a summer assignment reviewing stoichiometry and other foundational topics from tenth grade chemistry so that we can hit the ground running in the fall. AP Chemistry is a heavily quantitative course. In May and June (after the AP exam), 11th graders in the class will work on one or more fun, chemistry-related topics outside the scope of the AP curriculum.
Please Note: AP courses may require additional meeting times throughout the year.
Open to: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite(s): Algebra I
This AP Computer Science course offers an in depth exploration of object oriented programming, with a strong emphasis on Java language fundamentals including programming basics, syntax, and program structure. Students focus on algorithm development and software design, using control structures such as loops and conditional statements to solve increasingly complex problems. A significant portion of the curriculum is dedicated to working with data structures including arrays, array lists, and two dimensional arrays, as well as using Java’s standard libraries to complete common programming tasks such as reading and processing data from files.
Students regularly analyze problems, write and test code, and refine their solutions using sound computational thinking practices. Learning culminates in a final project in which students design and implement a Battleship game that integrates object oriented design, algorithms, and control logic. Students do not need prior programming experience to succeed in this course, particularly if they have strong problem solving skills, though many choose to take AP Computer Science Principles first.
Please Note: AP courses may require additional meeting times throughout the year.
Open to: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite(s): Algebra I
This AP Computer Science course offers a multidisciplinary approach to computer science, using coursework developed at UC Berkeley. The course’s rigorous and rich curriculum aims to broaden participation in computer science, while maintaining a strong foundation in theory. Students code in Snap!, a language that’s easy to use, yet offers powerful high-level tools. Major ideas include abstraction, control structures, list processing, data science, networking, security, digital literacy, and seminar-style debate and free writing on current events, ethics, and the impact of technology on society. AP CSP students submit a portfolio-style independent programming project to the College Board in addition to sitting a multiple choice exam.
This is an introductory course. Students do not need prior programming experience, or math experience beyond Algebra I.
Please Note: AP courses may require additional meeting times throughout the year.
Prerequisite(s): Conceptual Physics, Chemistry, and a B+ in Biology
AP Environmental Science is the study of the natural world and human interactions within it. The course is interdisciplinary, building on concepts in physics, chemistry, biology, earth science, and mathematics. The general scope of the course is investigating how the earth works, how living things interact on earth, the impacts that humans have on their environment, and the choices available to humans today regarding how we will treat our environment in the future. Students grapple with questions such as: How many people can the planet support? How do our energy needs and our use of fossil fuels impact life on earth? And how can we produce and use energy more sustainably?
The course includes hands-on activities, labs and environmental monitoring investigations. Specifically, students collect and assess air, soil and water samples, appraise and calculate the value of trees and build skill in the application of appropriate mathematical relationships to assess and solve problems.
Please Note: AP courses may require additional meeting times throughout the year.
Prerequisite(s): Conceptual Physics, AP Calculus AB or BC (or concurrent enrollment in AP Calculus AB or BC)
This deep and narrow course in Newtonian Mechanics covers kinematics, dynamics, momentum, energy, projectile motion, rotation, oscillation, and gravitation. The course is focused on exploring natural physical phenomena and solving problems, especially those involving calculus. It is designed to contain the same course material as the typical calculus-based introductory physics course and laboratory program offered at many colleges and universities. Students examine many real world problems that would otherwise be too difficult to solve by other means. Laboratory skills are also a focus, with an emphasis on student-led experimental design, and data analysis techniques such as linear regression and error propagation.
Please Note: AP courses may require additional meeting times throughout the year.
Open to: 11, 12
Prerequisite(s): Conceptual Physics and Chemistry
This course explores the interconnected systems that shape our planet, providing students with a deep understanding of the processes that govern Earth’s dynamic nature. Through a blend of theoretical concepts and practical applications, students will examine Earth’s interior, the movement of tectonic plates, and the forces driving volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain formation. The course will delve into the Earth’s atmosphere, including weather patterns, climate systems, and the impact of human activities on global systems. Students will also take a deep dive into the hydrological cycle, tracing water’s journey through the atmosphere, rivers, lakes, and oceans. The course will highlight the vital role of oceans in regulating climate and sustaining life.
Hands-on labs and engaging experiments will bring science to life. Simulate the effects of tectonic activity with dynamic models, track real-time weather data to predict storms, and explore the properties of water in innovative experiments. Investigate local ecosystems, analyze soil samples, and even map out ocean currents using interactive tools.
This course is ideal for students interested in environmental science, geology, meteorology, climatology and oceanography, providing a solid foundation for further studies in Earth sciences and a deeper understanding of the planet we call home.
Open to: 9
Foundations of Computer Science is an excellent class for everybody, whether you have lots of coding experience, or no computer science background at all. Either way, you will learn how computers work in a fundamental way. Beyond engineering — before coding — it’s time for theory!
Here are some of the activities from the year: Encrypt, decrypt, and crack secret codes from Julius Caesar to RSA. Write a completely illogical essay. Add, subtract, multiply, and divide in binary. Design a basic CPU in circuitry which can do logic, math, store and address data. Completely take apart a computer, and learn how the parts of a computer work. Argue whether image recognition is helping or hurting society. Navigate maps and mazes using algorithms. Design automata like the Universal Turing Machine to represent regular expressions. Analyze networks using the command line and online tools. Test your home network for security. Shuffle and sort cards. Take the Knight’s Tour and explore the City of Knaves. Traverse the directory structure of macos, Windows, and Linux.
Are you a big fan of history? Don’t worry! Every day, you will learn about the history of computers: ancient counting and adding systems, the Industrial Revolution, the development of modern communication and electronic computers, the history of Silicon Valley, and more, all grounded in Jewish ideas of Tzedek (social justice). We’ll learn about copyrights and patents, play games like Nim and Naughty Robot, and explore philosophical ideas like the Halting Problem, Imitation Game, and Incompleteness Theorem.
Students do not need any prior programming experience.
Foundations of Computer Science can be followed by AP Computer Science Principles, AP Computer Science A, and/or Robotics & Engineering.
Please Note: This is an introductory course open to all ninth graders, which must be taken in lieu of Past in the Present (ninth grade history). It includes a research paper on the ethics of facial recognition technology, which corresponds to an equivalent project in Past in the Present.
Open to: 12
Prerequisite(s): Biology and Chemistry
This is a lab-based course in which students investigate the structure and function of the human body, learning how their own bodies work and in developing “body literacy” that will serve them throughout their lives. Body systems studied will vary based on student interest but may include the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, the endocrine system, the urinary system, the digestive system, the immune system, and the male and female reproductive systems. Dissections may feature heavily in the lab portion of this class, so students should consider their comfort with that when enrolling. Students will conclude the year by investigating the physiology of a particular disease of interest as well as the medical and social implications of this disease. This is an ideal course for students interested in pursuing a clinical health career such as medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, or physical therapy.
Open to: 10, 11, 12
Prerequisite(s): Algebra I
Designed for the innovative and curious, this class centers around the First Technology Challenge (FTC), in which students design, build, and code robots that compete head to head against those of other teams. Students work collaboratively in overlapping roles as builders and programmers. Builders bring designs to life using tools such as 3D printers, laser cutters, and OnShape CAD, constructing robots with mechanisms like intakes, shooters, and drivetrains. Programmers use Android Studio and Java to control robot behavior, writing code for autonomous movement, sensor feedback, and gamepad operation. Throughout the season, students iterate on designs, test ideas, and refine both hardware and software solutions in response to real engineering constraints.
In addition to robotics design, the course emphasizes the use of mathematics and data to model and analyze physical systems. Students learn in class how to collect experimental data, use Excel spreadsheets, perform regression analysis, and apply dimensional analysis to understand scaling and functional relationships. As a culminating project, students design and carry out an investigation such as measuring the time required for water to drain from bottles of different volumes, developing and testing mathematical models using their own data. No prior programming or engineering experience is required to take this course, as all necessary skills are introduced and practiced throughout the year. Students with prior experience are encouraged to take on more advanced or extended challenges within the same projects.
